Architecture to Combat Global Warming

computer architecture to Combat Global WarmingIntroductionGlobal sensitiveing is serious problem affecting our planet, if continually ignored, climate change, air quality, the environment, and oer all quality of life of mankind is at serious risk. As Architects what measures butt we take to prevent and adjust to a changing world? raze though it is very difficult to reverse all the damage done by global melting and get cooperation by all industries and fields, I turn over it is an Architects job to lead and be the change we so desperately need.The purpose of this research report is to bring aw beness not only to global warming but too look into the importance of architecture, to combat global warming. I believe Architecture is the key to changing futurity infrastructure that leaves no grammatical construction footprint and works with environment not against it.My report will address questions of what global warming is and its ca consumptions and effects. Also I will begin to address the social function Architects play in regard to this changing environment. I provide key components Architects keep in mind in their design decisions, like skin and locate placement, and give building precedents that display progressive green design.Global WarmingIn order for anyone to deal with crisis of global warming, we essential understand what it is and how it came to be. According to the get together Nations Panel on Climate Change, climate change or global warming intensifies the greenhouse effect, a immanent process that keeps the Earths climate in an pleasant range for life.Located in the Earths upper atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases constantly absorb heat and reflect it back to the Earths surface. These greenhouse gases keep our planets temperature fairly warm and habitable for us to live.The greenhouse effect is a very important and vital part of the Earths ecosystem and balance but from the beginning of the industrial age , humans sport increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide due to combustions of fossil dismisss. The extraction of coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity, to provide fuel for transportation, and drive our manufacturing processes, results in carbon dioxide emissions.Role of ArchitectsArchitects potentially play a huge role in reducing the rate of global warming and have an immense shock absorber on how we run our society, our infrastructure, and our industry. In essence, they play a major role and can tremendously contribute to how we can deal and overcome the environmental crisis we are in. The practice of architecture exercises a significant influence on the physical environment in which we live. This is true not only for buildings that architects design but also of the effect their decisions have on the natural environment.Architects must realize that a building requires muscularity for operation, for demolitionfrom the pr oductions of a steal beam to delivering it in a fuel consuming truck, finally to raising it into place with a fuel consuming crane.4 All these operations should not be taken for granted architects must use our precious non renewable resources wisely, by designing skill conscious and sustainable buildings. Although it is not the architects main job to save energy, it is important for the architect to use energy carefully and ensure a suitable habitat for future generations. A building must be able to sustain itself through an energy crisis, workings with the environment not against it. Now that sustainability and green architecture has come to forefront by leaders like Al Gore and Barack Obama, it is imperative for architects to take initiative.Architecture Energy Consumption and Building OperationsBefore the 1970s the United States was forced to re-evaluate energy production and consumption, Architects had no care about the relationship in the midst of energy use and buildings. F or example the skin of a building was thought of as a two dimensional object, that just defined the edge amongst the inside and outside of a building.Now this attitude toward architecture is changing, when one realizes the impact architecture has on energy consumption. Between thirty to thirty six percentage of natural energy consumption goes to building operations.Some examples of these building operations include air conditioning, lighting, fans, motors and domestic hot water. By the mid 1980s Architects minify building operations by fifteen percent less than the previous decade, due to an awareness of building construction and use of materials.4 An example of such packaging is the raised insulation standards and many HVAC and lighting systems that are inefficient have been removed. These movements toward green architecture and meeting of LEED standards are very important steps Architects can take to change the way we building our infrastructure.Key Architecture Strategies and Components regarding the environmentThe building must be responsive 4 to the elements, the environment and the building must be able to coexist with in a neutral balance. Architects must build grade specifically, taking the orientation of a building regarding solar angles and everyday winds into account. For example the Centre International Rogier Project located in Brussels is a great example of a tower block being site specific and site favorable. The renovated features include ventilated cavity windows, operable windows, energy generated wind turbines, favorable sun orientation for wind turbines and solar panels.The use of natural forces can reduce energy costs and work with environment rather than against it. The design of a building to change with its environment is very important, for example a building with a dynamic 4 skin is very vital, the use of a shutters, awnings, shading systems, or light sensitive glass4 can help start out energy cost, while giving the infrastruct ure a sense of self sustainability and an eco-friendly outlook. These small measures can make a huge difference in energy conservation alleviating our dependence on heat engines, as well as reducing emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment. If this trend in green architecture continues, in the future we may have buildings that generate their own clean and renewable energy and have enough left over to help out other urban areas.Lastly I would like to give some examples of sustainable architecture that work and where the architects took initiative in creating new innovative design ideas to help calm enhanced global warming. The Ventiform research project, designed by Foster and Partners although never built is a great example of new thinking with in their field. The multistorey building uses an aerodynamic form, which enhances the energy generating capabilities of the wind turbine located at the top of the building and the building self sufficiency.The high-rise structures wind turbine not only generates clean, renewable energy but also can power 1500 suburban homes, an incredible design proposal.ConclusionAs the world finally comes to terms with global warming and how the planet is being affected by the human footprint, we realize what an important role Architects play in helping slow down global warming. Architecture is a vital tool not only for expressing art through forms, but also it is a way to help sustain and better our environment.ReferencesDumaine, Brian. dapple to Save the Planet How Visionary Entrepreneurs and Corporate Titans are Creating Real Solutions to Global Warming. New York Crown Business, 2008.Gissen, David. Big and Green Toward Sustainable Architecture in the twenty-first Century. New York Princeton Architectural P, 2003.Stein, Carl. Advp -1 Energy-Conscious Architecture. Washington D.C. National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, 1993.Langwith, Jacqueline. Renewable Energy. New York Greenhaven P, Incorporated, 2008 .Tennesen, Michael. Global Warming. New York Alpha Books, 2008.Websiteshttp//www.effectofglobalwarming.com/images/What-is-global-warming-img.jpghttp//i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/stat-green-building.jpg

Methodology: Impact of Stigma on Offender Employment

Methodology Impact of Stigma on Offender Employment bearingAn experimental design impart be used in this research. This study testament use a mixed design, with discover condemnable convictions (group 1, 2, or 3) as the mingled with subjects variable, and judgments of job appli washbowlt as the within subjects variable. The independent variable in this research will be the disclosure of criminal convictions. The dependant variables will be the attitude towards the job applier, and the participants political ideology.Procedure60 participants were collected everyplace al iodin, with 20 participants for each experimental group. These participants were gathered via my personal social media and the universitys SONA system. These participants were all all over the age of 18, in order to give consent, but their age and gender was non tested. Once I had established my participants, I collected their email addresses and thusly emailed them a copy of my participant in fakeation sheet , so that they had a few days before the research took place to read over what is expected of them and shape that they definitely wanted to consequence part. The information was gathered over a three-week period, until all participants had taken part. Before the experiment took place, the participant was presented with a consent form for them to provide informed, written consent to take part in the experiment. They were informed that they could leave at any quantify if they no longer want to take part in the research. All research took place in a quiet, but public room, such as the labs in P5 and the study rooms in the library. The participants all sat the experiment individually to ensure their decisions were non ascertaind by others, but also to make avail energy easier for the participants. They were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups apply an online generator. In all groups participants were asked to pretend they were enforceers in a hotel that is looking to hire. Th e participants were given a job description that listed the duties postulate and the skills the applicant needed to possess to mature the job. They were consequently given one of 3 CVs, all included the same personal and working information, however, in group 1, no criminal convictions of any mixed bag were included. In group 2 the applicant disclosed a previous minor criminal conviction (a record for possession of a class C drug, an offence that would not lead to incarceration). In group 3 the application disclosed a major criminal conviction which they have been previously incarcerated for (possession of a firearm with criminal intent). The participants were then given an 11-point questionnaire that asked them to rate the extent to which which they believe the applicant fit certain requirements of the job description. Next, participants were given the 20-point Ideological Consistency plate (Pew Research Centre) to sum their political ideologies, to assess whether the particip ants political ideology effects their homogeneouslihood to prosecute the person. This is based on the hypothesis that liberal minded mass atomic number 18 more open minded, and so would be more seeming to believe that people can change, and so may be more probable to give someone a second chance. Once the experiment was finished, participants were given a debrief sheet, explaining that the purpose of this research is to see if the participants preconceived stereotypes of ex- wrongdoers effected their comprehension of the applicants personal and working abilities. Participants were also informed that they can withdraw all their entropy from the experiment at any point, up until 16/03/2017.AnalysisThe data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). A one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the data gathered from the judgements questionnaire in order to discriminate the crocked attitude towards the applicant and the standard deviatio n across the 3 groups. The data gathered from the ideology scale was analysed against the data from the judgements questionnaire using a ANCOVA in order to assess the impact of the participants ideology on their likelihood to employment the person.MaterialsAn example job description, a 20-point Ideological Consistency Scale (Pew Research Centre) to measure their political ideologies. The questions of the ideological scale are split into 10 conservative position questions and 10 liberal positions questions. Individual questions are named as +1 for a conservative response, -1 for a liberal response and 0 for an unsure response. Scores on the full-scale range from -10 (liberal response to all questions) to +10 (conservative response to all questions). An 11-point questionnaire to measure participants judgements of the job applicant. Each question on this scale receives a gibe out of 10, which is the number the participants indicate on the Likert scale. Question 1 is not scored, the answer of yes or no is manifestly to compare the participants initial judgement of the applicant. The general score for this scale will be out of 100.ParticipantsThe participants were all over the age of 18 to give informed consent, and of any gender. A lot of participants were pupils, which made the participant selection process easier, but students were not necessary. Participants were not required to have any specific characteristics in order to take part in the study. They were selected via social media and the universitys SONA system. While I did not foresee many probable risks to participants, it is possible that they may have become distressed, embarrassed, or fatigued while taking part in this experiment. To deal with these potential risks, participants were informed that they can cube the experiment at any moment and leave, or they can continue later if they would like. The participants were also informed that they could go and talk to someone at student digest if the y need to, and would be provided with links to online help, such as the SANE organisation, if requested.No deception was involved in this research. The full aims of the experiment were not disclosed to the participants, for example, they were not informed that it is their willingness to employ the applicants with criminal convictions that is being analysed, but the basic facts of the experiment were not lied round. All research took place in daylight hours, in a safe, public space. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the experiment at any point. The participant information sheet, the debrief sheet, and myself before the experiment took place explained that participants can withdraw from the experiment at any time, during the experiment, they just needed to explain that they do not wish to continue anymore. My email address was included on the participant information sheet and the debrief sheet, so if participants wanted to withdraw from the research after the experiment has taken place, then they could send an email and then be withdrawn. Participants consent forms were coded, and these codes were placed on their questionnaires and data, in order to ensure that all data is completely anonymised. The consent forms were then locked away to ensure that I was the only person who could view the identity of the participants. Any data that included anything that could lead to a participant being recognised was removed. All physical data was kept inside a locked draw that only I have the key to, to ensure that nobody can access it, and all electronic data was encrypted with a password that only I know, so it cant be accessed. All data will remain this way until after dissertation attach are received, at which point the physical data will be shredded and the electronic data will be electronically shredded.Discussion preceding(prenominal) research by Maruna King, (2004) suggests that the success of ex-offenders re-entry into parliamentary law i s dictated by the attitudes of the community round them. Within this research, only 41% of participants in the ex-offender group stated that they would employ the candidate, compared to 81% in the control group. Because of this, it could be proposed that the main difficultly ex-offenders face upon re-entry into non-institutionalised society is battling preconceived stereotypes that society places upon them. In the criminal record group, 57% of participants said that they would employ the candidate, which, while being a significant increase when compared to the ex-offender group, still suggests a strong prejudice towards those who have had issues with the criminal nicety system. This is a concern, because, while uncomplete offence in the two conviction groups suggest that the candidate would have trouble dealing with customers and staff, both groups showed a significantly cut down mean score in every question presented to participants.The findings from this research are consiste nt with previous research that suggests society does stereotype ex-offenders, which may lead to stigmatisation in ground of conflict desirability. For example, when asked how suitable do you think the candidate would be at maintain senior high school professionalism with customers and staff? participants in the control group exerted a mean response of 8.4, however, when asked the same question, participants in the group were the candidate revealed a previous incarceration had a mean response of only 4.4, potentially signifying that the participants believed by having been to prison, it would be un belike that the candidate would be proficient. This supports Fehn (2004)s theory that ex-offenders are normally stereotyped as being educationally illiterate and socially inadequate, and are hence unable to act in a professional manner within a workplace.However, Goffman (1987) emphasised that while a status may be stigmatising in one social context, it can also be worn as a badge of h onour in another, and those who can relate to the stigma are likely to serve as sympathetic others. In the context of this research, it could be suggested that some participants in the criminal record and ex-offender groups would in fact be more likely to give higher ratings to the candidate because they can sympathise with the situation. Goffman (1963) acknowledges that those with personal familiarity to ex-offenders and individuals who have criminal records are more likely to see past the stereotypes border them, and therefore reduce the stigmatising attitudes towards this group. Furthermore, Braithwaite (1989) notes that reintegration is more likely to be successful when ex-offenders are viewed as members of the in-group that have made mistakes, rather than dangerous, incurably criminal individuals.Although the results from the coefficient analysis of variance where inconclusive, it is unmingled that the ideology of the participants did have an impact on the participants total score. Table 3 shows the comparison of the mean total score for those who were reported as consistently conservative compared to consistently liberal. For the control group, the difference in mean total score is not noteworthy, however, in both the criminal record group, and the ex-offender group, the mean total score is significantly lower for those who were consistently conservative than those who were consistently liberal, suggesting that those with consistently liberal core political values were more likely to remove the stigma surrounding the applicant, and instead simply assess how suitable the candidate was for the job at hand. Unnever and Cullen (2007) suggest that people with conservative core values hold more disciplinal attitudes towards those who violate the law, and are more opposed to the reintegration of ex-offenders into society. Chiricos, Welch, Gertz (2004) found that those with conservative core political values are more likely to uphold the stigmatisation of e x-offenders and criminals, earlier due to the belief that criminals are unlikely to ever be fully rehabilitated, and so will al ways be criminal. However, because those with liberal core values are more likely to blame society for abomination (Welch, 2007), it is proposed that they will be more compassionate when dealing with ex-offenders and individuals with criminal records. This theory is maintained by Demski McGlynn (1999) who found that those who identified with liberal values were more willing than others to rent an apartment near a halfway house for recent parolees.Chiricos et al., (2007) demonstrates how an individuals confidence in the criminal justice system can lead to stigmatisation. They suggest that those who trust the legitimacy of the criminal justice system should therefore place conviction in the justice systems evaluation of a persons guilt and moral character. This leads to stigmatisation because imprisonment is one of the most severe forms of punishment avail able in the UK, and so is seen as a thorough basis for condemnation. Therefore, it can be proposed that those who trust the justice system would be unlikely to have confidence in employment abilities of an ex-offender, or blush someone with a criminal record, because it is probable that they believe that people who have served time must have the lowest form of moral character. However, perceptions of over forgiveness in terms of treatment of offenders may also lead to increased stigmatisation. The ideology consistency scale given to participants in my research contained four questions about the government, and those who chose the negative responses were classified as conservative. Unnever, Cullen, Fisher (2007) found that white people, conservatives, and victims of crime are more likely to challenge the police and courts for being too diffused on criminals. These groups of people often believe that most criminals have not paid penance for their crimes, and so deserve stigmatisat ion upon release, particularly within the employment sector, as they believe criminals should not be given employment over law abiding citizens (Messner, Baumer, Rosenfeld, 2006).Due to the continuously increasing numbers of imprisonment rates, the support of sometimes violent stigmatisation of ex-offenders, and the rising rates of recidivism, is its more important than ever to combat the stigmatisation of ex-offenders, particularly in the employment sector. Ward dark-brown (2004) established that offenders who experienced meaningful relationships with prison staff were more likely to experience effective reintroduction into society. Similarly, Dowden Andrews (2004) discovered a correlation between recidivism and interpersonal relationships between offenders and staff. While In no way does correlation equal causation, it is evident that contact with individuals from noninstitutionalised society while incarcerated can benefit offenders upon release. This concept is back up by Wa gner, Tropp Pettigrew (2009), who demonstrated that contact between opposing groups is a powerful and effective way of reducing prejudice. However, my results indicated that participants did not feel it was appropriate for an ex-offender, even psyche who is highly qualified for the job at hand, to be around both staff and customers, suggesting that they may not have had previous experience with somebody who has been to prison.A drawback to this research is that participants were never asked whether they had experienced contact with an ex-offender, doing so may have led to a greater understanding as to why the participants stigmatised the candidate in the criminal record and ex-offender groups. However, the impact of contact with ex-offenders may have led to increased stigmatisation, depending on whether the experience was positive or negative. For example, Wikstrom Loeber (2000) explains that in disadvantage communities with high imprisonment rates, an individual may develop mor e lenient views of ex-offenders, because in areas like this, incarceration is not an abstract concept, but something that is experienced frequently. Living in these communities means that an individual is less likely to stigmatise ex-offenders, and so it is probable that ex-offenders would not experience negative employment desirability. However, because communities like this are usually disadvantaged and poverty stricken, finding employment, even as a law-abiding citizen, may be increasingly difficult (Wikstrom Tafel, 2003).Though the theory that contact with ex-offenders may significantly reduce stigmatising behaviour, a major disadvantage of this is that many members of the public may avoid any possible interactions with ex-offenders. My results indicated that participants feel that customers would feel uncomfortable being around somebody who has been to prison. Crisp Turner (2009) developed imagined contact, produced to be an extension of the classical contact paradigm, in ord er to show valuable aspects of contact with offenders, but without enkindle anxious emotions within participants. This may be useful in helping decrease the stigma surrounding ex-offenders, because imaging contact may enable society to disregard fear, which may lead to increased contact, and potentially understanding the individuals behind the stereotype, which could then decrease the negative employment desirability surrounding ex-offenders. Unnever Cullen (2009) suggested that a boost way to reduce the stigmatisation of ex-offenders is to demonstrate empathy towards them. Johnson et al., (2009) discovered that when participants were encouraged to feel empathy they recommended less severe punishments to a hypothetical defendant, and were more likely to examine and sympathize with reasoning behind criminal acts. Because of this, it could be proposed that if the public were able to understand why offenders committed criminal acts, particularly those from poor and disadvantaged ne ighbourhoods, they may be more likely to be empathetic, and therefore disregard the stigmatism of the violent and incurable criminal, which may lead to more employers being willing to hire ex-offenders.Obviously, not everyone feels like the stigma towards those who have been incarcerated should be reduced. As highlighted earlier, many believe that using stigma as a general criminality deterrent is effective at preventing further crime. Undoubtedly, this may be the case for some communities. However, for people living in high crime areas, usually poor, disadvantaged, and essentially forgotten by the government, crime is only ever increasing. It is in areas like this that offending, and then subsequently reoffending is highest, meaning that a large minority of people at some point will have been to prison, or at least will have a criminal record. It has been acknowledged numerous times that employment is one of the best ways to decrease reoffending rates, but generally, society holds such a negative view of ex-offenders that employment is rare. Perhaps, if the stigma against individuals who have committed crimes is reduced, finding employment as an ex-offender may be easier, and so reintegration could be more successful.In hindsight, even my using the term ex-offender could be seen as pre-conceived stigmatisation. Classing someone as an ex-offender creates a disastrous motorcycle where in which the individual being referred to is unable to move on from their past transgressions, which could be detrimental to rehabilitation. Also, it is unclear at which point a person progresses from offender to ex-offender. The majority of the literature I reviewed when researching this topic refers to individuals who have previously been incarcerated as offenders, without identifying whether these people did in fact reoffend, and if not, why they are still being referred to as an offender. It is issues like this that represent the ever-present stigma ex-offenders face while th ey may have served their sentence, and been successfully rehabilitated back into society, they will always be associated with the word offender and whatever negative connotations and stigma that brings with it.A limitation of this research is that the sample sizing of 60 is incredibly small compared to the population of the UK. The small sample size may have contributed to the non-significant relationship between ideology and stigmatisation of ex-offenders. An issue with small samples is that they do not usually have the ability to represent the big population, and therefore are not generalizable. However, gaining a sample size of even 60 was difficult in the time allotted for data collection, and so prospective research should attempt to replicate the findings, but with a larger sample size, in order to test for accuracy. A further limitation is that I did not ask for reasoning behind answers, and so, although it is evident that stigmatisation did occur, I cannot provide the spec ific reasons why participants stigmatised the candidate in the criminal record and ex-offender groups. This limits findings to understanding the influence of stigmatisation on ex-offenders employment desirability, and does not allow investigation into how reducing stigmatisation effects employment.The purpose of this research was to establish whether the stigmatisation of ex-offenders effects their ability to gain employment, and whether peoples political ideology has an impact on their attitudes towards ex-offenders. Overall, this research has found that preconceived stigmatisation did effect the participants attitude towards the applicant with a criminal record, and the applicant who had previously been incarcerated. Within this research there was a significant decrease in the mean scores for each individual question asked about the applicant, and the overall judgement of the applicant in the criminal record and ex-offender group, when compared to the control group, representing s tigmatisation towards individuals who hold criminal records, and those who are ex-offenders. This study also analysed whether the participants political ideologies effected their attitudes towards the applicant with the criminal record and the ex-offender applicant, and while the analysis of covariance was not significant, the data showed that in both the criminal record group, and the ex-offender group, the mean total score is significantly lower for those who were consistently conservative than those who were consistently liberal, suggesting that those with consistently liberal core political values were more likely to remove the stigma surrounding the applicant, and instead simply assess how suitable the candidate was for the job at hand.It is evident from both this research, and all the previous research conducted beforehand, that stigmatisation is detrimental to ex-offenders trying to find employment. To reform this, it could be suggested that future employers allow ex-offende rs and individuals holding criminal records a watershed period, where in which they do not have to disclose their previous convictions until a fixed period of time has passed after employment. It should be stressed that this is only suggested for minor offences, in order to give employers and other staff members a period of time to get to know the individual before knowing of their previous offence. Hopefully, this could mean, as suggested by Hirschfield Piquero (2010), that people in the individuals working environment would be able to feel first hand that not all ex-offenders conform to the abstract stereotype unwillingly placed upon then, and so may be more likely to employ ex-offenders and disregard stigma, when compared to employers who have had no contact with anybody that has been incarcerated.

Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations

Joint Commission On Accreditation Of health take OrganizationsThe Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizationsor the JCAHO is the board responsible for making the standards for the clinical engineering programs. In addition, JCAHO is a non-profit and an independent organization (Subhan, 2007). In addition, JCAHO is the national accrediting group health care delivery organizations such as hospitals. For instance, hospitals would ask JCAHO to evaluate their facility. There are of course charged a fee. As accreditation is not automatically renewed, there is a required full accreditation survey at least every three years (Bandy, 2004).Founded in 1951, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations actually officially changed its name in 2007 to The Joint Commission, while its mission is unchanged. The author thus remains to use JCAHO when referring to this JC. This Joint Commission accredits and certifies health care organizations such as laboratorie s, hospitals, long term care facilities, and small ambulatory practices with the objective of ensuring patient protection and outcomes. The JC visits organizations every three years, assessing performance ranging from patient care to record holding and from infection control to leadinghip, and the methodical official approval procedure is charitable, while it confers a typical of customer assurance.Also, JCAHO is an organization that makes the standards for healthcare organizations and issues accreditation to organizations that meet those standards. The organization makes intervallic surveys on-site in order to verify that accredited organizations comply with the Joint Commission standards. Also, it is to improve the care and services. Standards given by JCAHO attend to an organizations performance in gossip functional areas (Practice Greenhealth).A number of the standards address environmental issues as a lot of the environmentally related Elements of Performance fall under the Environment of bursting charge or the EC standard. However, others are incorporated in the Leadership and Human Resources standards. This Guide relates each JCAHO Element of Performance to specific federal regulations, to help facilities be in compliance with both. The Guide overly suggests steps that facilities can take to encourage environmental performance improvements. A comprehensive environmental program, including waste minimization and pollution prevention initiatives, can not only ensure compliance, but can also help reduce the costs of compliance (Practice Greenhealth).JCAHO is now supervise how well the countrys healthcare organizations treatment, mind, and management of irritation. JCAHO surveyors had been assessing compliance since 2001 as was said by the end-of-life coalition Last Acts since the new pain management standards are included in the manual standards of 2000 to 20001. In line of this, doctors and nurses would now be expected to treat the patients pain and continue to assess treatment during and even after their hospitalization, while patients forget be asked about pain and its intensity, sometimes by rating it on a zero to 10 scale under the JCAHO standards (Fryling, 2001).According to Carole Patterson MN, RN, director of the Standards reading Unit of JCAHO these standards recognize that pain is a condition that needs explicit attention because data presents that pain at the end of life and surgical pain has not been well-managed in the past. Thus, the standards should let a major force on pain management for patients. Patterson told Last Acts that these standards should convey that pain should be monitored with the same alertness as blood pressure, pulse, temperature and respiratory rate, according to an article titled. (Fryling, 2001).How does JCAHO affect the healthcare system?JCAHO in 2004 began using Shared Visions-New Pathways, a new accreditation process. Therefore, starting brook 2006 surveys on accreditation should be conducted in an unannounced basis. This Shared VisionsNew Pathways? is that health care organizations are dedicated to providing high quality and safe healthcare. In line of this, JCAHO, look at the vision, and thus, providing a process to support a health care organizations quality and safety efforts by their accreditation. This also presents a new set of approaches to the accreditation process that depart support the shared visions (Bandy, 2004).In addition, this JCAHOidentifies priority centralise areas (PFAs) for each hospital based on a combination of the PFP, on which surveyors initially will focus during the initial part of the on-site survey, and on systems and processes that are relevant to patient safety and health care quality. For example, systems and process include such things as assessment and care, medication management, credentialing, equipment use, infection control, etc. Information management is one of the PFAs (Bandy, 2004).JCAHO looks upon the tracer meth odology as a mode to provide education to the group leaders and staff. The new processes are available on the JCAHO site via videos, and under this new decision process, every standard is judged either gentle or not compliant based on the scoring of the EPs (Bandy, 2004).The Agency Carrying its Duties CasesOne example of the JCAHO doing its job is the Medical Equipment Standards they created. There are two main JCAHO medical equipment standards-EC.6.10 and EC.6.20-are in the counsel of the Environment of Care (EC) chapter. Each JCAHO standard is divided into requirements called elements of performance (EP). EC.6.10 has eight EPs, which are discussed individually below.First is the Medical Equipment Management Plan. This EP says that the hospital must have a written plan. This plan should provide an overview of how the equipment is managed at the hospital. Also, it should strike the processes for managing the safe, effective, and reliable operation of medical equipment. Hence, it is not simply a recitation of the medical equipment standards. It should also be a link between the JCAHO medical equipment-related standards and the function of managing medical equipment at the hospital.Second is the Selection and Acquisition of Medical Equipment. Such EP requires the hospital to describe its manner of necessitateing new equipments. Process of acquiring includes evaluating the medical equipment for clinical effectiveness, patient safety, and human factors before final pickaxe as this should include needs selection criteria, comparative evaluations, assessment, and a life-cycle cost analysis.Third is the Inclusion of Risk Criteria. This EP gives the hospital a choice to either include all of the equipment in the program, or to select certain types of equipment to be included in the program based on equipment function physical hazards with use and incident history, which are called inclusion or risk criteria.Fourth is the Maintenance Strategies, an EP that requir es the book selection of charge strategies for all of the equipment in ones medical equipment management plan inventory. These are listed in the JCAHO standards include predictive maintenance (using the concepts of reliability-centered maintenance), interval-based inspections, corrective maintenance (that is, repair or replace if defective), and metered maintenance (hours of run time or number of images processed, for example) (Subhan, 2007).Fifth is the Maintenance Intervals, an EP which necessitates the hospital to define appropriate maintenance intervals for their equipment based on manufacturers recommendations and the organizational experience. JCAHO in 2001 removed the annual performance and safety testing requirement for medical equipment, and this transformation was the sign of the access code that the safety and reliability of medical equipment has improved significantly at present. (Subhan, 2007) While sixth is the Hazard Notices and Recalls, and this EP requires the ho spital to be able to set up a process for monitoringand acting on hazard notices and also recalls that pertain to their medical equipment. The process would include reviewing and acting on recalls and alerts from the manufacturers and others (Subhan, 2007).Seventh is the 1990s fortuity Reporting and Monitoring- Safe Medical Devices Act/ This EP needs an account of the hospital program for monitoring and reporting incidents as required by the SMDA, while the 8th one is the Emergency Procedures. This eighth EP requires the hospital to develop emergency procedures. These procedures are needed so that there will be role and responsibility acknowledgment of maintainers and users. These two should assess the medical services provided by the hospital to decide which types of tools are critical for patient car. Hospital should develop procedures for managing the clinical consequences of critical equipment misfortune (Subhan, 2007).

The Inquest :: essays research papers

Credibility and Conflict in Lems The InquestThe year is 2029, and machines will convert us that they are conscious and that they produce their own agenda worthy of our respect. They will embody human qualities claim to be humanand well believe them.- electron beam KurzweilPerhaps Kurzweil slipped up when he put a date in his prediction. Perhaps he intended it to be more of a challenge than a guess. Ultimately, it separates the theorists, like Kurzweil, from the stagetellers, like Stanislaw Lem. Lems The Inquest takes a glimpse into the future to show readers what it may look like some day. He uses a futurist setting to examine the possible role of machines in our daily lives. Conflict, credulity and human nature are at the forefront of this story, all of which allude to deeper kernel in todays world.The train of robotics and AI in Lems The Inquest is not farfetched. That is to say, the story is not unconvincing, but simply exaggerated for our time. though the events are assumed to be taking place in the future, Lem references no time period and forces the reader to blindly suspend disbelief. The premise of the story revolves around this fact, and gives the story its body as a work of science fiction.The most relevant instance of computer exaggeration is in the supporting characters we happen the non-linear officers of the Goliath. The main character, Commander Pirx, is known to be human, and must command a mixed group of humans and robots, not knowing the true identity of each. hither we have the storys biggest assumption about AI in the future that robotics and AI will be indistinguishable from human abilities and intelligence. This colossal deduction about computer technology is only acceptable to the reader when coupled with the lack of a given time period. Pirx is asked to command these two groups on a routine space mission, all the while making inference on their actions and interactions during a variety of real world tests. He is then to make a fo rmal report to the creators of these machines to be used as a formal test result. The fact that Pirx cannot immediately distinguish between the humans and the robots implies that all the machines have passed the Turing test. Though this story is set in the future, this test is a standard by which we judge the intelligence of machines today, and gives us some insight on the level of AI that Lem implies.

Free Essay: Interpretation of God and Satan in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Interpretation of God and daimon in Paradise Lost In John Miltons Paradise Lost, he tells of deuces banishment from Heaven. He and his brigade have plotted war against God and are now doomed to billow in the fiery pits of hell. Satan is a complex character with many meaningful qualities. The relationship between Satans qualities and Hells atmosphere tell the reader more about why they seem to go circulate in hand. Without Satans features and Hells tormenting aspects, the place would not be all it is. Milton states that one will dwell in adamantine chains and penal fire if he defys God. Satan definitely defied him and will therefore suffer this. Chains are symbolic of Satan in that they will tie one down and keep him chthonian control. Satan has disobeyed God and needs to be tied restrained and controlled. The fire is only to show Satans primary intentions. Fire indicates evil and pain, both of which he is a part of. He is the creator of evil just as God is the creator of all. Mi lton also describes Hell as a place that one essential dwell in forever more integral of wrath with no happiness and constant pain. Satan once lived in a universe full of happiness, joy, and surrounded by pleasure. Now that he has forsaken God, he must live without those, but to the worst extremes. No more content or delight contribute he experience. He must be punished for his unfaithfulness. Hell has no light, but rather darkness served only to discover sights of woe. It is a region of sorrow, sad shades, where peace and rest can never dwell, hope never comes...but torture without end still urges. This is an atmosphere severely unlike the one from which Satan came. He was willing to give up all he had, peace, love, joy, beauty, and all alike, to overcome God and gain all of His power. The war in Heaven was between forces of Satan and forces of God.

SATIRE ESSAY -- English Literature

SATIRE ESSAYGood evening and welcome to another edition of the BBC satiredocumentary series. Today we will be analyzing the subject area of satiric poetry, examining two well-known satirical poems calledLife-Cycle by Bruce Dawe and Hymn Of The Scientific Farmer byClive Sansom. But first, lets look at what a satire is and how thevictorious poet annihilates the foe of a satire.According to the ancient Macquarie Dictionary, a satire is a termapplied to any work of literature or art whose objective is toridicule. Using ridicule or mockery in the battleground, a satire hasthe avowed objective of correcting mankind faults, while arousinglaughter or scorn in its intended audience or bystanders of thevictorious side. General targets or foe of satires includeindividuals, social groups, institutions, and human nature. Like othergenres, a satire is often a mode of composing introduced into variousliteral forms. A poetic satirist or the victorious poet sometimes usesscorn, sarcasm, innuendo o r irony along with humor to expose theenemys human faults or foolishness.Throughout the history of literature, satirical poems have obliteratedmany varieties of antagonist, ranging from religious figures topolitical and social failings in society. Since the ancient Roman andGreek period, satirical poems have earned their respect by, to somedegree, shaping the humans we have become today. They aim to show usour fault and persuade us to metamorphose and advance our behaviour andnature. One major poem, which highlights this concept, is the Hymn OfThe Scientific Farmer by Clive Sansom.Clive Samson, in his poem called the Hymn Of The Scientific Farmer,demonstrates to us his knowledge and awarenes... ...ho could resurrect their team back to victory. Thisdemonstrates how bony and futile their lives are and the extentto which football is the basis of their existence.Bruce Dawe has victoriously ridden the foe of any dignity. He hasridiculed the supporters circuitously and shown the reader how we canbecome so involved in something that we no longer recognize thebeauties of nature and life. This in turn encourages the reader tochange his or her life and to try and reach a balanced lifestyle.Overall, two poets have been victorious over their foe. They havemanaged to successfully create a satirized poem using some if not allweapons against the foe. They have also been imperious in leaving amessage for the bystanders of the battle, whether it is change inattitude and life or avoidance of certain characteristics that mayovertake our lives.

Climate Change: Global Emissions of Green House Gases Essay -- Environ

There are growing concerns about climate change and the effect of greenhouse gases (GHG) on the gradual increase in solid ground temperatures e actuallyplace time, now commonly known as ball-shaped warming. The greenhouse effect means that greenhouse gases such as water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitric oxide, and fluorocarbons insulate the Earth by absorbing heat from the Earths surface and reflecting it back into the atmosphere, acting in a similar way to a thermal blanket (Houghton, 2005). Although associated in recent times with pollution and climate change, the greenhouse effect is essential for the continuity of the Earths climate (Karl and Trenberth, 2003). However, since the number one of the Industrial Revolution (from the 18th to the 19th Century), the burning of fossil fuel meant that the greenhouse effect went from simply protecting the Earths climate to causation an actual increase in world temperatures (Martinez, 2005 Houghton, 2005). The gaseou s culprit is the seemingly innocuous CO2, although harmless in the right atmospheric proportions, it is nevertheless a very powerful insulator and heat reflector (Houghton, 2005). Since 1750, the concentration of CO2 has increased by over 30% and is now at a higher take than it has been for thousands of years (Martinez, 2005 EPA, 2007). In fact, it is argued that if no action is taken to curb these emissions, then the concentration of CO2 will rise throughout the remainder of this blow to both or three times its preindustrial direct (Houghton, 2005). The Scientific evidence on global warming dates as far back as the second fractional of the 19th Century and the work of physicist John Tyndall and chemist Svente Arrhenius. It was particularly accelerated in the past 20... ...add around 7 meters to the worlds sea level (Gregory et al., 2004), with extremely damaging results for mankind and the ecosystem (Houghton, 2005). Global emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning are approaching 7 billion tonnes of CO2 per annum and are rising rapidly (Houghton, 2005 Stern, 2006). In fact, energy related emissions are forecasted to grow by over 2% per year over the next 30 years, if the world community continue with business as usual (Stern, 2006). However, emissions during the 21st century must be reduced to a fraction of their present levels before the centurys end in order to stabilize CO2 concentrations (Houghton, 2005 Stern, 2006). Effective responses require collective action (Stern, 2006) and global efforts are needed to develop global solutions to overcome these global problems (Houghton, 2005, Stern, 2006).