Fichtes Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays

Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ... Fichte's Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ...

Evolution Of Management Essay -- Organization Management Industry

Evolution of Management In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first... ...g. Fayol believed that all managers performed these functions and that the functions distinguished management as a separate discipline of study apart from accounting, finance, and production." (Online - http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Log-Mar/Management Thought.html) [3] "McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops." (Online - http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Theory_X.html) [4] "This approach arose out of the observation that the three earlier approaches to management - the Classical, the Behavioral, and the Operations Research - did not always lead to an acceptable solution" (Patrick J. Montana and Bruce H Charnov, Management, Third Edition, page 30)

Compare and contrast the human condition as it relates to Muslims and Christians

The author of this paper will endeavor to compare and contrast the human condition as it relates to Muslims and Christians. The author will examine the teachings of these religions as it relates to the improvement of the human condition and will look at the public stance of both of these great religions. One of the five basic pillars of Islam is the Zakaat or spiritual tithing or almsgiving. In its simplest terms it is a command by Muslims to give 2.5% of their accumulated wealth on an annual basis to other Muslims. According to www.islam.tc there is much more to the Zakaat than the simple annual giving. According to this website the Zakaat is â€Å"the most important act of worship which has to be performed monetarily.† The website further lists the many benefits of giving Zakaat as follows: â€Å"It reminds Muslims of the fact that whatever wealth they may possess is due to the blessings of Allah and as such is to be spent according to His commands.† â€Å"Zakaat functions as a social security for all. Those who have enough money today pay for what they have. If they need money tomorrow they will get what is necessary to help them live decently.† â€Å"Zakaat payer pays his dues to Allah as an act of worship, a token of submission and an acknowledgement of gratitude. The receiver of Zakaat receives it as a grant from Allah out of His bounty, a favor for which he is thankful to Allah.† Thus the Muslim by accepting the 5 pillars agrees that he is to help support the less well off from him. As this is a command from Allah, the benefits of the Zakaat are then seen as blessings directly from Allah. Allah says in the Qur'an â€Å"The parable of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is that of a grain of corn. It grows seven ears and each ear has hundred grains. Allah increases manifold to whom he pleases.† (Qur'an 2:261) Further research indicates that the Hadith indicates the following benefits are derived from the Zakaat as follows: 1. Gain the pleasure of Allah 2. Increase in wealth and protection from losses 3. Allah's forgiveness and blessings 4. Protection from the wrath of Allah and from a bad death 5. A shelter on the Day of Judgment 6. Security from seventy misfortunes Benefit is sometimes looked upon as the avoidance of pain, and the Hadith certainly points out not only some benefits such as forgiveness and blessings, but additionally the avoidance of pain such as shelter on Judgment day and the security from seventy misfortunes. Allah also indicates punishment for not giving Zakaat as follows: â€Å"And there are those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend it in the way of Allah, announce to them a most grievous penalty (when) on the Day of Judgment heat will be produced out of that wealth in the fire of Hell. Then with it they will be branded on their forehead and their flanks and backs. (It will be said to them) This is the treasure which you hoarded for yourselves, taste then the treasure that you have been hoarding.† (Qur'an 9:34-35) Christians on the other hand are certainly not as public and seem to be by the author's experience somewhat bashful or ashamed to speak about money, tithing and almsgiving. From the author's own experience as a member of the Stewardship committee of his Church, we only speak of money three Sundays per year and only in the context that it is a member of the trilogy of time, talents, and treasures to be given for the glory of God. Further, Christians are of two minds as to the amount of money they should give. The old testament of the Bible in Leviticus 27:31 states the following: A tithe of everything from the land, whether grain from the soil or fruit from the trees, belongs to the Lord; it is holy to the Lord. The word â€Å"tithe† means one tenth. In the new testament of the Bible, Jesus teaches us in Luke 6:38 â€Å"Give, it will be given to you. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap.† Also in Luke, Jesus says in Luke 11:41 â€Å"But give what is inside the dish to the poor, and everything will be clean for you.† The passages from the old and new testaments seem to be mutually exclusive, but do indicate that giving must be done, but not how much. Muslims, it seems are definitely more clear on the amount of giving. Also different between the Christian and the Muslim is who are we giving to? The Zakaat clearly indicates that Muslims are giving to other Muslims as a command from Allah which then gives benefit to both the giver and the receiver. Christians on the other hand clearly give to the Church. The Christian Church according to their doctrines then gives to help support the Church and also humankind as a whole. Christians routinely support other belief systems through their outreach and missions. Look as an example of the enormous support for Muslims by Christians after the Tsunami. The author is a member of an ELCA Lutheran Church and as part of the mission of this Church; the congregation took a mission trip in part to support a Catholic Orphanage in Peru. Muslims routinely praise or do not disparage the terrorist Osama Bin Laden. Why is this so? The reason is that Osama routinely supports other Muslims through generous giving to Muslims. Since there has been no outward vocal opposition to this generosity by Muslims it must therefore be an accepted practice. The author cannot recall or through research find any Christian terrorist let alone one who is exalted because of his giving. Both great religions certainly promote giving. The Muslim Zakaat clearly supports other Muslims which may just be the single biggest reason for the explosive growth of the Islam faithful in the world. Muslims believe the Zakaat should support all things Muslim such as education and cite Muhammad's exhortations regarding education as follows: â€Å"If you educate a man, you educate an individual. If you educate a woman, you educate a nation.† Certainly the Zakaat helps support education amongst the Muslims which further adds to their burgeoning populations. Christianity on the other hand is more quiet and somewhat bashful in their attempts at Christian education amongst the world's non-Christian people which may account for the slower growth of Christianity. Certainly both religions are painfully aware of the decline in the overall human condition, but Muslims, because of their adherence to the Five Pillars are doing a better and more public job of showing humankind (not necessarily in the United States) the kind, peace-loving, nurturing side of their faith.

College Goals Essay

Attending college is the first step to a better future. Throughout life there will be many goals to accomplish but some of the most important goals to accomplish will be during the time you are in college. My first goal is to pass every class this semester. After completing this goal my next goal to complete will be to graduate from Hudson County Community College with an Associate’s Degree in Liberal Arts. Finally my last goal to complete is to further my education and get the job I want. Passing every class this semester will help me feel positive and confident about my future and future goals. In order to complete this goal I will have to attend every class and be on time. By missing one class I will miss out on a lot of work and may not be able to catch up. I will have to finish every assignment on time because if I write the best essay I could possibly write but hand it in late, my grade will drop dramatically. Finally I will have to ask for help if I need it. Even though it is my first semester of college and I do not know what to expect, asking for help is easy and can help improve my college experience. To be able to obtain my Associate’s Degree in Liberal Arts by August 2015 I will have to work harder than I ever have. I will have to be sure to complete all my assignments and be sure to attend all my classes. I will have to put school first in life and avoid activities that will have a negative impact on my education. Prior to achieving this goal I also want to choose the career I want so I can know what direction my life is going. My final long-term college goal is to go on to obtain my Bachelor’s Degree and possibly my Master’s Degree, depending on the career I choose. I have not chosen the career I want yet but I want to have the best education possible to qualify me for the job. To be able to obtain the best education possible I want to keep my grade point average high and be able to attend a good university. I have not really thought about all the details since I have not chosen a career yet but I am going to better my education as much as I possibly can. After completing all my education I will have the job I want and be happy and financially stable. In conclusion, my college goals are some of the most important in my life because they greatly help shape my future. By passing all my classes this semester I will have the confidence to continue my education and do well. By obtaining my Associate’s Degree I will be able to go on and obtain my Bachelor’s and possibly Master’s Degrees. And finally when I finish completing all my education I will be able to get the career I want and be happy with my life. My entire future depends on the choices I make in college.

Mankind Is No Island

Mankind is No Island Focus: The collection of Still Images Sound Not a lot of dialogue Montage of images – together they make an image The words shown are from signs, street signs and shop signs etc. What makes this film visual What is specifically visual about it What makes the video shape my perspective of the situation What is the purpose of the video being made? – To be more aware of the homeless Ideas: There is a lack of giving to the homeless The homeless are taken for granted The homeless are ignored by society It is filmed in the city because it demonstrates advertising and also emphasizes consumerism. Used to contradict or to challenge what they are to present in the cities. The homeless are destitute and deprived from the necessities of life. Techniuqes Soft dramatic piano music is used The music sets the tone. It also makes the audience depressed and feel guilty. Camera angles are placed in the same level as the homeless. This is used to place the audience in the homeless peoples situation and position. By doing this, the audience feels the hardships, the sadness and the uselessness as the homeless have also felt. Repetition of the images of the homeless being ignored Rhetorical Questions are also used to make the audience feel depressed and reflect on their guilt. RQ's are also used to make audience reflect Repetitions of RQ's Religious images Repetition of â€Å"NO† Close up of the Homeless Face – Shows their facial expressions. Also indicates their sadness and their depression. Shows their rugged appearance. Take away the homeless identity and places the audience to look at them face to face as humans. Demonstrates how old they look. Also supports that being homeless ages you. The homeless have literally been forced to live a life of desperation. The homeless have no choices. The fact that two of the largest cities are used symbolises and supports the idea that homeless people are not found in a particular place, but are recognised everywhere. Repetition of â€Å"your† emphasizes that the homeless and the successful are no different. They may be different in social class but they are still the same in species. The images are also negative and focus the negative sides of the city. The sentences are also in a first person register RQ's is used to challenge and contradict on what we love The Heart Balloon –

Western European History

Western European history dates back to the time of the very first evidence of Homo sapiens in the regions during Paleolithic times, to the Neolithic, and then the Bronze Age, during which man was better developed and civilizations shaped, to the Christian Era when Christianity was formed and gained popularity, and Churches gained in power, to the time of the colonization, to the time of the famed Industrial Revolution when the modern day economy based on manufacture and trade came into being, to the present day western Europe. Historical evidence points to the fact that in ancient times, that is, the Paleolithic times of man, there exited several developed civilizations in different parts of the world. The Cro-Magnons were people, who lived during these times, and according to archaeologist Carleton Coon, the Cro-Magnon man was large, heavy boned and muscular in appearance, and he also had a powerful jaw and an inordinately large head. (Leonard R Cedric) One must remember the fact that Cro-Magnon is the term used by historians to describe the people who lived during the Ice Ages, and according to archaeologists, the physical dimensions of these ancient people were not sufficiently different from modern man to warranty a separate term, and therefore, they could be referred to as ‘AMH’s’, or ‘Anatomically Modern Humans’. Life for the common Cro-Magnon would not have been too simple; he had to hunt for his food with crudely made implements like the Aurignacian blades, as archaeologists refer to them. These were long slivers of stones sharpened to a knife like point, which would then be converted into all types of hunting tools. The Atlatl, a sophisticated hunting tool with a short dart and a pocket into which the dart would be fitted, was also used by these people, The Cro-Magnons lived civilized lives, and this is a fact that can be exemplified by the discovery of a child’s body before it was interred in a sophisticated burial ritual, about 24,000 years before today. (Hirst, Kris, K n. ) They used sophisticated shelters as well, and wore refined tailored clothing made out of animal skins, and jewelry carved out of stone and animal bone and teeth. Historians often state that this was a period of cultural florescence in the history of man. (Stone, Linda 2007) However, historians also state that one of the most far reaching and transformational influences of human culture that have ever taken place in the history of man is the Industrial Revolution that took place in eightee nth century Europe. The direct consequences of this revolution would have such an impact on human labor, consumption, social structure and even on the thoughts of man that it could be stated that the world would have been a different place today if the Industrial Revolution had never taken place when it did. It is important to remember that this revolution did not just happen overnight; it took place gradually over a period of time, with changes taking place all over the world in small doses, these changes influencing the basic social structure of man at the time. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, however, Europe, as well as other parts of the world, was able to move from being a primarily agricultural economy to an industry based urban economy. The structure of the family, the social obligations that had to be fulfilled and so on brought about such great change to man that even today, one has not been able to come to terms with them fully. The European economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution had become a sort of global economy, with European trade and manufacture extending to several continents close to home, except Antarctica. The demand for European goods grew as Europeans started selling in foreign markets, and this made the conversion of Europe from an agricultural economy to an industrial manufacturing economy complete. Europe became one of the top world players in international markets. Life for the common man was however an entirely different issue. The social system was not adequate enough to provide for the rapid changes taking place, and as a result, the fast increasing population was growing increasingly confused. Business was based on exclusive monopoly, and as a consequence, many people were out of jobs. â€Å"The Industrial Revolution† n. d) Furthermore, the new factory system reduced free man to virtual slavery, and he became poorer than ever before; he could barely subsist on his wages. It even destroyed family life, and health and well being of the people. (Mises von Ludwig 1993) To conclude, it could be said that the life of common man is always at risk of being exposed to and influ enced by the changes taking place in society; neither do they possess the wealth nor do they have the expertise with which to deal with the situation in an effective manner. It is the life of common man that is subjected to the greatest changes in a country, and as exemplified by the life of the Cro-Magnon as well as the common man during the Industrial Revolution, he was forced to undergo several changes, and bear the consequences on himself, his wealth, his welfare, and his relationships. This is the way of the world, and one cannot avoid these changes as they occur; one must learn to accept them and deal with them as one sees fit, or else, suffer the dire consequences. Works CitedLeonard R Cedric â€Å"An Atlantean Outpost† (2006) Retrieved on December 15 2008 from: Hirst, Kris, K â€Å"Why don’t we call them Cro-Magnons any more?† (n.d) Retrieved on December 15 2008 from: Stone, Linda â€Å"Genes, Culture and Human Evolution† (2007) Google Book Search Retrieved on December 15 2008 from: < http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zdeWdF_NQhEC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=Cro-Magnons+in+Paleolithic+Europe&source=bl&ots=wbEgEGkAGQ&sig=2HL9EByPHFl_J804fGJ5SnGxk78&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result >Mises von Ludwig â€Å"Facts about the Industrial Revolution† (1993) Retrieved on December 15 2008 from: â€Å"The Industrial Revolution† The European Enlightenment (n.d) Retrieved on December 15 2008 from:

Essay Planning for Organizational culture is fundamentally about

Planning for Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss. - Essay Example ance of organizational culture for a variety of organizational sizes and the natures of business they are involved in, identification of the various macro- and micro-cultural factors that affect an organization, and what qualifies as effective management of the organizational culture. I selected only the theories that provided a detailed and holistic perspective of organizational culture and were include manageable factors. I ensured the quality of my sources by using peer-reviewed sources that included but were not limited to books and journal articles. I used articles from good impact factor journals. I also used the sources only that were published in the last five years to ensure that my paper covers recent research and is updated on the latest findings in the subject. This reflects in the references section given at the end. I made sure not to include and to exclude retrieving any information whether in support of or to refute my argument from non-credible sources like Wikipedia and blogs. I had a plan in mind according to which I found the sources. I first I broke the statement down in different sections and phrases so that I would be able to reach the sources discussing particular aspects of the statement. For example, one of my phrases was â€Å"management of organizational culture† while another phrase that I used to search the sources on the Internet was â€Å"organizational culture’s symbolic meaning†. To make sure that I use credible sources, I preferred looking into journal papers and books than other kinds of sources available online. For instance, to find the relevant journal articles, I would write â€Å"journal filetype:pdf† after the phrase on the search bar. As a result, all I got was journal articles in pdf files online. Basically, the side of the argument I was on reflected in the statement of discussion i.e. â€Å"Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed.† I had four approaches in mind while